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Copper Scroll

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:370px;max-width:370px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage"></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage"></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Parts of a replica of the Copper Scroll.</div></div></div></div>

The Copper Scroll (<a href="List_of_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="List of the Dead Sea Scrolls">3Q15</a>) is one of the <a href="Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> found in <a href="List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_3" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 3">Cave 3</a> near Khirbet <a href="Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>, but differs significantly from the others. Whereas the other scrolls are written on <a href="Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> or <a href="Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>, this scroll is written on <a href="Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>: <a href="Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> mixed with about 1 percent <a href="Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, although no metallic copper remained in the strips; the action of the centuries had been to convert the metal into brittle oxide.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The so-called 'scrolls' of copper were, in reality, two separated sections of what was originally a single scroll about 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) in length. Unlike the others, it is not a <a href="Literary" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary">literary</a> work, but a list of 64 places where various items of <a href="Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> were buried or hidden. It differs from the other scrolls in its <a href="Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> (closer to the language of the <a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> than to the literary Hebrew of the other scrolls, though <a href="4QMMT" title="4QMMT">4QMMT</a> shares some language characteristics), its <a href="Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, <a href="Palaeography" title="Palaeography">palaeography</a> (forms of letters) and date (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 50–100 CE, possibly overlapping with the latest of the other Qumran manuscripts).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

Since 2013, the Copper Scroll has been on display at the newly opened <a href="The_Jordan_Museum" title="The Jordan Museum">Jordan Museum</a> in <a href="Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> after being moved from its previous home, the <a href="Jordan_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Archaeological Museum">Jordan Archaeological Museum</a> on Amman's Citadel Hill.

A new <a href="Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimile</a> of the Copper Scroll by Facsimile Editions of London<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> was announced as being in production in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

While most of the Dead Sea Scrolls were found by <a href="Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>, the Copper Scroll was discovered by an archaeologist.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The scroll, on two rolls of copper, was found on March 14, 1952<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated211-7">[7]</a> at the back of Cave 3 at Qumran. It was the last of 15 scrolls discovered in the cave, and is thus referred to as 3Q15.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corroded</a> metal could not be unrolled by conventional means and so the Jordanian government sent it to <a href="University_of_Manchester_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology">Manchester University's College of Technology</a> in <a href="England" title="England">England</a> on the recommendation of English archaeologist and Dead Sea Scrolls scholar <a href="John_Marco_Allegro" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marco Allegro">John Marco Allegro</a> for it to be cut into sections, allowing the text to be read. He arranged for the university's Professor H. Wright Baker to cut the sheets into 23 strips in 1955 and 1956.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It then became clear that the rolls were part of the same document. Allegro, who had supervised the opening of the scroll, transcribed its contents immediately.

The first editor assigned for the transcribed text was <a href="J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Józef Milik</a>. He initially believed that the scroll was a product of the <a href="Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a> but noted that it was likely not an official work of theirs. At first, he believed that it was not an actual historical account; he believed it was that of folklore. Later however, Milik's view changed. Since there was no indication that the scroll was a product of the Essenes from the Qumran community, he changed his identification of the scroll. He now believes that the scroll was separate from the community, although it was found at Qumran in Cave 3, it was found further back in the cave, away from the other scrolls. As a result, he suggested the Copper Scroll was a separate deposit, separated by a "lapse in time."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated211-7">[7]</a>

Although the text was assigned to Milik, in 1957 the Jordanian Director of Antiquities approached Allegro to publish the text. After a second approach by a new director of Jordanian Antiquities,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Allegro, who had waited for signs of Milik of moving to publish, took up the second request and published an edition with translation and hand-drawn transcriptions from the original copper segments in 1960. Milik published his official edition in 1962, also with hand-drawn transcriptions, though the accompanying black-and-white photographs were "virtually illegible".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The scroll was re-photographed in 1988 with greater precision.<a href="#cite_note-BrookeDavies2004-12">[12]</a> From 1994 to 1996, extensive conservation efforts by Electricité de France (EDF) included evaluation of corrosion, photography, x-rays, cleaning, making a facsimile and a drawing of the letters. Emile Puech's edition had the benefit of these results.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating">Dating</h3></div>

Scholarly estimates of the probable date range of the Copper Scroll vary. <a href="Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Frank Moore Cross</a> proposed the period of 25–75 CE<a href="#cite_note-vanderkam92-14">[14]</a> on <a href="Palaeographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeographical">palaeographical</a> grounds, while <a href="William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a> suggested 70–135 CE.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Manfred Lehmann put forward a similar date range to Albright, arguing that the treasure was principally the money accumulated between the <a href="First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> and the <a href="Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a>, while the temple lay in ruins. <a href="P._Kyle_McCarter_Jr." title="P. Kyle McCarter Jr.">P. Kyle McCarter Jr.</a>, <a href="Albert_M._Wolters" title="Albert M. Wolters">Albert M. Wolters</a>, David Wilmot and Judah Lefkovits all agree that the scroll originated around 70 CE.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated211-7">[7]</a> Contrarily, Emile Puech argues that the Copper Scroll could not have been deposited behind 40 jars after they were already in place, so the scroll "predates 68 CE."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

Józef Milik proposed that the scroll was written around 100 CE.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated211-7">[7]</a> If this dating is correct, it would mean that the scroll did not come from the Qumran community because the settlement had been destroyed by the Romans decades earlier.<a href="#cite_note-vanderkam92-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_writing_style">Language and writing style</h3></div>

The style of writing is unusual, different from the other scrolls. It is written in a style similar to <a href="Mishnaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishnaic">Mishnaic</a> <a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. While Hebrew is a well-known language, the majority of ancient Hebrew text in which the language is studied is generally biblical in nature, which the Copper Scroll is not. As a result, "most of the vocabulary is simply not found in the Bible or anything else we have from ancient times."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The <a href="Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> is unusual, the script having features resulting from being written on copper with hammer and chisel. There is also the anomaly that seven of the location names are followed by a group of two or three <a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek letters</a>, thought by some to represent <a href="Isopsephy" title="Isopsephy">numerical values</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Also, the "clauses" within the scroll mark intriguing parallels to that of Greek inventories, from the Greek temple of Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated212-19">[19]</a> This similarity to the Greek inventories, would suggest that scroll is in fact an authentic "temple inventory."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated212-19">[19]</a>

Some scholars believe that the difficulty in deciphering the text is perhaps due to it having been copied from another original document by an illiterate scribe who did not speak the language in which the scroll was written, or at least was not well familiar. As Milik puts it, the scribe "uses the forms and ligature of the cursive script along with formal letters, and often confuses graphically several letters of the formal hand."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> As a result, it has made translation and understanding of the text difficult.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2></div>

The text is an inventory of 64 locations; 63 of which are treasures of gold and silver, which have been estimated in the tons. For example, one single location described on the copper scroll describes 900 talents (30.05 <a href="Ton" title="Ton">tons</a>/ 868,000 <a href="Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy ounces</a>) of buried silver.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Tithing vessels are also listed among the entries, along with other vessels, and three locations featured scrolls. One entry apparently mentions <a href="Kohanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohanim">priestly</a> vestments. The final listing points to a duplicate document with additional details. That other document has not been found.

The following English translation of the opening lines of the first column of the Copper Scroll shows the basic structure of each of the entries in the scroll. The structure is 1) general location, 2) specific location, often with distance to dig, and 3) what to find.

1:1 In the ruin that is in the valley of <a href="Achor" title="Achor">Acor</a>, under

1:2 the steps, with the entrance at the East,

1:3 a distance of forty cubits: a strongbox of silver and its vessels

1:4 with a weight of seventeen <a href="Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a>. KεN<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[a]</a>

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There is a minority view that the <a href="Cave_of_Letters" title="Cave of Letters">Cave of Letters</a> might have contained one of the listed treasures,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> and, if so, artifacts from this location may have been recovered. Although the scroll was made of alloyed copper in order to last, the locations are written as if the reader would have an intimate knowledge of obscure references. For example, consider column two, verses 1–3, "In the salt pit that is under the steps: forty-one talents of silver. In the cave of the old washer's chamber, on the third terrace: sixty-five ingots of gold."<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> As noted above, the listed treasure has been estimated in the tons. There are those who understand the text to be enumerating the vast treasure that was 'stashed,' where the Romans could not find it. Others still suggest that the listed treasure is that which <a href="Bar_Kokhba" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kokhba">Bar Kokhba</a> hid during the Second Revolt.<a href="#cite_note-vanderkam92-14">[14]</a> Although it is difficult to estimate the exact amount, "it was estimated in 1960 that the total would top $1,000,000 U.S."<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation">Translation</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_excerpts">Selected excerpts</h3></div>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[1] "In the ruin in the Valley of Achor, beneath the staircase that ascends towards the east [at a distance of] forty brick tiles there is a silver chest and its vessels, weighing seventeen talents"<a href="#cite_note-27">[b]</a></blockquote>

According to <a href="Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>' <a href="Onomasticon_(Eusebius)" title="Onomasticon (Eusebius)">Onomasticon</a>, "Achor" – perhaps being a reference to an ancient town - is located to the north of <a href="Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> However, in relation to the "Valley of Achor", Eusebius' view is rejected by most historical geographers, who place the "Valley of Achor" to the south of Jericho, either at the modern el-Buqei'ah, or at Wâdi en-Nu'eimeh.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Elsewhere, Eusebius places Emekachor (the Valley of Achor) near <a href="Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Galgal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> The "ruin in the valley of Achor" could be one of a number of sites: the ancient <a href="Beth-%E1%B8%A5agla" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth-ḥagla">Beth-ḥagla</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[c]</a> or what is also known as the "threshing floor of the Aṭad",<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> the most famous of all the ruins associated with the nation of Israel and being about two miles from the Jordan River, or else the ancient Beth Arabah,<a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Joshua|15:61|HE-33">[30]</a> and which <a href="John_Marco_Allegro" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marco Allegro">John Marco Allegro</a> proposed to be identified with 'Ain Gharabah,<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> while <a href="Robertson_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Robertson Smith">Robertson Smith</a> proposed that it be identified with the modern <a href="Ein_Feshkha" title="Ein Feshkha">'Ain al-Feshkha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> or else Khirbet es-Sŭmrah, or <a href="Qumran" title="Qumran">Khirbet Qumrân</a>. Another ruin at that time was the fortress <a href="Hyrcania_(fortress)" title="Hyrcania (fortress)">Hyrcania</a>, which had been destroyed some years earlier.

The Hebrew word אריח, translated here as "brick tiles", is used also in the <a href="Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<abbr title="Babylonian Talmud">BT</abbr>) Megillah 16b and Baba Bathra 3b. The Hebrew word for "talents" is kikkarīn (ככרין). The weight of a talent varied with time and place. Amongst Jews in the early 2nd century CE, the kikkar was synonymous with the word maneh, a unit of weight that exceeds all others, divided equally into 100 parts.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[d]</a> According to <a href="Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a>, the centenarius (קנטינרא), a <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> loanword used in Hebrew classical sources for the <a href="Talent_(measurement)#Talent_in_late_Hebrew_antiquity" title="Talent (measurement)">biblical talent</a> (kikkar), is said to have been a weight corresponding to 100 Roman <a href="Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Weight" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">librae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[f]</a> The Hebrew word used for "chest" is שדה, a word found in <a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> Keilim 15:1, ibid. 18:1, Mikva'ot 6:5, and explained by <a href="Hai_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Gaon">Hai Gaon</a> in Mishnah Keilim 22:8 as meaning "an [ornamental] chest or trunk."<a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[2] "In the [burial] monument, on the third course of stones there are one-hundred golden ingots"<a href="#cite_note-42">[g]</a></blockquote>

There were several monuments of renown during the waning years of the <a href="Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>: that of <a href="Helena_of_Adiabene" title="Helena of Adiabene">Queen Helena</a>, that of <a href="John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">Yoḥanan the High Priest</a>, both of which were in Jerusalem, or else outside the walls of the ancient Old City, etc. The Hebrew word used for "<a href="Nefesh" title="Nefesh">burial monument</a>" is nefesh (נפש), which same word appears in <a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> Sheqalim 2:5; Ohelot 7:1, and Eruvin 5:1, and which Talmudic exegete Hai Gaon explained as meaning "the building built over the grave; the same marker being a nefesh."<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[h]</a> The Hebrew word for "ingots" is 'ashatot (עשתות), its only equivalent found in Mishnah Keilim 11:3, and in Ezekiel 27:19, and which has the general meaning of "gold in its rawest form; an unshaped mass."<a href="#cite_note-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[i]</a> Since no location is mentioned, most scholars think that this is a continuation of the previous section.<a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[3] "In the great cistern within the courtyard of the <a href="Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a>, along the far-side of the ground, there are sealed-up within the hole [of the cistern's slab] (variant reading: within the sand), opposite its upper opening, nine-hundred talents."<a href="#cite_note-47">[j]</a></blockquote>

The Hebrew word פרסטלון is taken from the Greek word περιστύλιον, meaning, "peristyle," a row of columns surrounding a space within a building. The word variantly read as ḥala (<a href="Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: חלא, meaning "sand")<a href="#cite_note-48">[38]</a> or ḥūliyya (חליא, meaning "small hole in the slab of stone that is laid over the mouth of a cistern"), is - in the latter case - a word found in <abbr title="Babylonian Talmud">BT</abbr> Berakhot 3b and Sanhedrin 16a. The Hebrew word, as explained by <a href="Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> in his <a href="Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a> Commentary of the Mishnah (Shabbat 11:2), connotes in Arabic, ḫarazat al-be'er – meaning, the round stone slab laid upon the cistern's mouth with a hole in the middle of the stone.<a href="#cite_note-49">[39]</a> Since no specific location is mentioned, this section is thought to be a continuation of the previous two sections. Allegro surmised that this place may have been Khirbet Qumrân, where archaeologists have uncovered a watchtower, a water aqueduct, a conduit, and a very noticeable earthquake fissure which runs right through a large reservoir, besides also two courtyards, one of which containing a cistern.<a href="#cite_note-50">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[4] "In the mound at Kuḥlith there are [empty] libation vessels, [contained] within a [larger] jar and new vessels (variant rendering: covered with ashes), all of which being libation vessels [for which a doubtful case had occurred], as well as the Seventh-Year store [of produce],<a href="#cite_note-51">[41]</a> and the <a href="Second_tithe" title="Second tithe">Second Tithe</a>, lying upon the mouth of the heap, the entrance of which is at the end of the conduit towards its north, [there being] six <a href="Cubit#Biblical_cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a> till [one reaches] the cavern used for <a href="Mikveh" title="Mikveh">immersion</a> XAG"<a href="#cite_note-52">[k]</a></blockquote>

The place-name Kuḥlith is mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud Kiddushin 66a, being one of the towns in "the wilderness" that was conquered by <a href="Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> (Yannai), whose military exploits are mentioned by <a href="Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in his <a href="Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a> (13.13.3–13.15.5). Its identification remains unknown, although Israeli archaeologist Boaz Zissu suggests that it is to be sought after in the Desert of Samaria.<a href="#cite_note-53">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[l]</a> For other scholarly identifications of Kuḥlith, see Joshua Efron, "Studies on the Hasmonean Period" (SJLA 39; Leiden: Brill, 1987), p. 178.

Libation vessels, (כלי דמע, kelei dema', has the connotation of empty libation vessels that were once used to contain either vintage wine or olive oil, and given either to the priests or used in the Temple service, but which same produce was inadvertently mixed with common produce, and which rendered the whole unfit for the priests' consumption. The vessels themselves, however, remained in a state of ritual cleanness (Cf. Maimonides, Commentary on the Mishnah, Terumah 3:2; Hagigah 3:4). The word lagin (לגין) is a Greek loanword that found its way into the Hebrew language, derived from the Greek λάγηνος, and meaning simply an earthenware jar with handles. It is used in Mishnah Shabbat 20:2, Ohelot 5:5, Parah 10:2, Tevul Yom 4:4, et al. As for the word אפורין, it has been suggested that the word is a corruption of אנפורין, meaning "new vessels," just as it appears in Mishnah Baba Metzia 2:1, and explained in <abbr title="Babylonian Talmud">BT</abbr> Baba Metzia 24a. If so, it is a loanword derived from the Greek έμπορία. The word may variantly be explained as "covered with ash." Others read the same text as a corruption of אפודם, "ephods". Though inconclusive, the idea of covering over such vessels with ashes was perhaps to distinguish these vessels from the others, so that the priests will not inadvertently eat of such produce, similar to the marking of a Fourth-year vineyard with clods of earth during the <a href="Shmita" title="Shmita">Seventh Year</a>, so as not to cause unsuspecting people to transgress by eating forbidden produce when, normally, during that same year, all fruits that are grown become ownerless property.<a href="#cite_note-55">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[7] "In the old [burial] cave of Beit Ḥemdah (variant reading: Beit Hamara),<a href="#cite_note-56">[43]</a> on the third stratum, [there are] sixty-five golden ingots."<a href="#cite_note-57">[n]</a></blockquote>

In old Jewish parlance, as late as the <a href="Geonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geonic">Geonic</a> period, the Hebrew word מערה (ma'arah, lit. "cave") signified a burial cave.<a href="#cite_note-58">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[45]</a> Its linguistic use here, which is written in the <a href="Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct state</a>, i.e. "burial cave of…", points to that of a known place, Beit Ḥemdah (variant reading: Beit Hamara). The burial cave has yet to be identified. By "golden ingots" is meant "gold in its rawest form; an unshaped mass."<a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[9] "In the <a href="Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> opposite the Eastern Gate, at a distance of nineteen <a href="Cubit#Biblical_cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a>, therein are vessels and in the channel thereof are ten <a href="Talent_(measurement)#Talent_in_late_Hebrew_antiquity" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a>."<a href="#cite_note-61">[p]</a></blockquote>

The "Eastern Gate" may be referring to what is now called the <a href="Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a>, a gate leading into the Temple Mount enclosure (cf. Mishnah, Middot 1:3),<a href="#cite_note-62">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[q]</a> or it may be referring to the Eastern Gate, also known as the Nicanor Gate (and which some scholars hold to be the same as the "Corinthian gate" described by Josephus,<a href="#cite_note-64">[47]</a> and alluded to in his Antiquities of the Jews),<a href="#cite_note-65">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[r]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[s]</a> in the Inner Court of the Temple precincts (cf. Mishnah, Berakhot 9:5).<a href="#cite_note-70">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[t]</a>

In either case, the <a href="Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> was located on the <a href="Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, at a distance of 19 cubits from the gate (approximately 10 meters). The cistern may have been in disuse and was most-likely filled-in with stones and sealed. At present, there is no cistern shown at that distance from the Golden Gate on the maps listing the cisterns of the Temple Mount,<a href="#cite_note-Schiller1989-72">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[u]</a> which suggests that the cistern may have been concealed from view by filling it in with earth and stones. In contrast, if the sense is to the Nicanor Gate (which has since been destroyed), the cistern would have been that which is now called Bir er-rummâneh (<a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بئر الرمان, "the Pomegranate well"), being a large cistern situated on the southeast platform (nave) of the <a href="Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>, measuring 55 by 4.5 metres (180 ft × 15 ft) and having a depth of 16 metres (52 ft), based on its proximity to the place where the Inner Court and its Eastern Gate once stood. The cistern, one of many in the Temple Mount, is still used today for storing water, and which <a href="Claude_R._Conder" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude R. Conder">Claude R. Conder</a> and <a href="Conrad_Schick" title="Conrad Schick">Conrad Schick</a> connected with the "Water Gate" of the Inner Court mentioned in <a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> Middot 1:4.<a href="#cite_note-74">[53]</a> Entrance to the cistern is from its far eastern side, where there is a flight of stairs descending in a southerly direction. By "channel" (מזקא) is meant the conduit that directs water into the cistern.<a href="#cite_note-75">[54]</a> Both <a href="Charles_Warren" title="Charles Warren">Charles Warren</a> and Conder noted the presence of a channel 5 ft (1.5 m) below the present surface layer of the Temple Mount, and which leads to the cistern now known as Bir el Warakah, situated beneath the <a href="Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Al-Aqsa mosque</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[55]</a> and which discovery suggests that the channel in question has been covered over by the current pavement. The end of the entry is marked by two Greek letters, ΔΙ (DI.<a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[17] "Between the two houses (variant reading: two olive presses)<a href="#cite_note-77">[v]</a> that are in the Valley of Achor, in their very midst, buried to a depth of three cubits, there are two pots full of silver."<a href="#cite_note-78">[w]</a></blockquote>

The term "the two houses" used here is unclear; it can be surmised that it may have meant an exact place between the two most famous towns that begin with the name "Beit", Beit Arabah<a href="#cite_note-80">[x]</a> and <a href="Deir_Hajla" title="Deir Hajla">Beit-ḥagla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[y]</a> Both ancient places are in the Valley of Achor. Alternatively, Bethabara<a href="#cite_note-85">[z]</a> may have been intended as one of the "houses". The word that is used for "pots" (דודין, dūdīn) is the same word used in the <a href="Aramaic_Targum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Targum">Aramaic Targum</a> for 'pots'.<a href="#cite_note-86">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[21] "At the head of the aqueduct [that leads down to] Sekhakha, on its north side, be[neath a] large [stone],<a href="#cite_note-87">[aa]</a> dig down [to a depth of [thr]ee cubits [and there are] seven silver talents."<a href="#cite_note-88">[ab]</a></blockquote>

A description of the ancient aqueducts near Jericho is brought down in Conder's and <a href="Herbert_Kitchener" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Kitchener">Herbert Kitchener</a>'s <a href="Survey_of_Western_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey of Western Palestine">Survey of Western Palestine</a> (<abbr title="Survey of Western Palestine">SWP</abbr>, vol. 3, pp. 206–207).<a href="#cite_note-89">[61]</a> According to them, the natives knew of no such aqueducts south of Rujm el-Mogheifir. According to Lurie, the largest riverine gulch near Jericho with an aqueduct was <a href="Wadi_Qelt" title="Wadi Qelt">Wadi Qelt</a> (Wadi el Kelt), and which ran in an eastward direction, passing near Khirbet Kâkûn, whence it went down southwards about 4 km (2.5 mi) towards the end of Wadi Sŭweid.<a href="#cite_note-90">[62]</a> Since the "head of the aqueduct" is mentioned, the sense here could imply the beginning of the aqueduct, which former takes its source from <a href="Ein_Farah" title="Ein Farah">'Ain Farah</a>, 'Ain Qelt and 'Ain Fawâr and their surroundings, between Jerusalem and Jericho.<a href="#cite_note-91">[63]</a> Conversely, the reference may have been to one of two other aqueducts built during the Second Temple period (and subsequently refurbished) and which take their beginnings from a water source at <a href="Wadi_Auja" title="Wadi Auja">'Ain el Aûjah</a> ("the crooked spring"), the one termed Ḳanât el Manîl ("the canal of el Manil") which bears east towards an outlet in the Jordan valley north of Jericho, and the other termed Ḳanât Far'ûn ("Pharaoh's canal").<a href="#cite_note-92">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[ac]</a> Though inconclusive, the town of Sekhahka is thought by some scholars to be Khirbet Qumrân, which, too, had an aqueduct.<a href="#cite_note-Allegro_1960,_pp._68–74,_144–145-95">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ben-YosefS1979-96">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[ad]</a><a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[24] "In the tomb that is in the riverine gulch of Ha-Kafa, as one goes from Jericho towards Sekhakha, there are buried talents [at a depth of] seven cubits."<a href="#cite_note-98">[ae]</a></blockquote>

The riverine gulch (נחל) that was once called Ha-Kafa has yet to be identified with complete certainty. The town Sekhakha, mentioned first in Joshua 15:61<a href="#cite_note-bibleverse|Joshua|15:61|HE-33">[30]</a> and belonging to the <a href="Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">tribe of Judah</a>, also remains unidentified, although the Israeli <a href="Government_Naming_Committee" title="Government Naming Committee">Government Naming Committee</a> has named a watercourse that rises from Khirbet es-Sumra and connects with Wadi Qumrân after its namesake. Scholars have suggested that Khirbet Qumrân is to be identified with the biblical Sekhakha.<a href="#cite_note-Allegro_1960,_pp._68–74,_144–145-95">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ben-YosefS1979-96">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[26] "[In the ca]ve of the Column, which out of the two entranceways<a href="#cite_note-100">[af]</a> as one faces east, [at] the northern entrance, dig down three cubits, there is a [stone] jar in which is laid up one <a href="Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Book</a> [of the Law], beneath which are forty-two talents."<a href="#cite_note-101">[ag]</a></blockquote>

Although the text is partially defaced, scholars have reconstructed it. The Hebrew word מערה (ma'arah, most likely used here in its most common sense, lit. "cave") is called here the "Cave of the Column", being a column that was well-known. The Hebrew word for "column" עמוד ('amūd) has not changed over the years, and is the same word used to describe a Gate of Jerusalem's Old City which stood in Roman times, although a newer Gate is now built above it with the same Arabic name, Bāb al-'Amoud (<a href="Damascus_Gate" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus Gate</a>), and which, according to Arabic legend/tradition, was called such in reference to a 14-metre (46 ft) high black marble column, which was allegedly placed in the inner courtyard of the door in the Roman and Byzantine period.<a href="#cite_note-102">[69]</a> The 6th-century Madaba Map depicts in it artistic vignettes, showing what appears to be a black column directly within the one northern gate of the walled city. Both the old Roman Gate at Damascus Gate and <a href="Zedekiah's_Cave" title="Zedekiah's Cave">Zedekiah's Cave</a> are on the north-west side of the city. Although inconclusive, the cave that is referenced here may have actually been Zedekiah's Cave (a misnomer, being merely a <a href="Meleke" title="Meleke">meleke</a> <a href="Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> quarry thought to have been used by <a href="Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a>), and may have been called such because of its proximity to the black marble column. Others, however, date the erection of this black marble column in that gate to <a href="Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, when he named the city <a href="Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>. Nevertheless, the same cave is also known to have pillars (columns) that project from some of the rock to support a ceiling.<a href="#cite_note-103">[70]</a> Today, Zedekiah's Cave lies between Damascus Gate and <a href="Herod's_Gate" title="Herod's Gate">Herod's Gate</a>, or precisely, some 152 metres (499 ft) to the left of Damascus Gate as one enters the Old City. The cave descends to a depth of 9.1 metres (30 ft) below the Old City, opening into a large antechamber, which is divided further on between two primary passageways. The leftmost passageway when entering the cave is the entranceway that faces "north" and which opens into a small recess. The identification here remains highly speculative, as Conder and Kitchener in their <abbr title="Survey of Western Palestine">SWP</abbr> also mention another place bearing the name Mŭghâret Umm el 'Amûd (Cave of the Pillars), along the south bank of <a href="Wadi_al-Far'a_(river)" title="Wadi al-Far'a (river)">Wadi Far'ah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[71]</a> The Hebrew word for "jar" is קלל (qallal), and which Hai Gaon explains as meaning: "like unto a cask or jar that is wide [at its brim]."<a href="#cite_note-105">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[ah]</a> Such jars were, most-likely, made of stone, since they were also used to contain the ashes of the <a href="Red_Heifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Heifer">Red Heifer</a> and which vessels could not contract uncleanness.<a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[27] "In the queen's palace on its western side, dig down twelve cubits [and] there are twenty-seven talents."<a href="#cite_note-107">[ai]</a></blockquote>

Line 27 speaks about a queen (מלכה), rather than a king (מלך).<a href="#cite_note-108">[73]</a> It is uncertain which queen is here intended, but the most notable of queens amongst the Jewish people during the late Second Temple period, and who had a palace built in Jerusalem, in the middle of the residential area known as <a href="Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Acra</a>, was <a href="Helena_of_Adiabene" title="Helena of Adiabene">Queen Helena</a> of <a href="Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a>. The historian Josephus mentions this queen and her palace, "the palace of queen Helena," in his work The Jewish War (6.6.3.). The Hebrew word used here for "palace" is mishkan (משכן), literally meaning "dwelling place".<a href="#cite_note-109">[aj]</a> Allegro incorrectly interpreted the word to mean "tomb," thinking it to be the queen's burial place.<a href="#cite_note-110">[74]</a> As for the precise number of talents, Allegro, in his revised edition, reads there 7½, instead of 27, because of the unusual shape of the last numerical character.<a href="#cite_note-111">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a> In 2007, a structure believed to be Queen Helena's palace in the "Lower City" (Acra) of Jerusalem was partially excavated by a team under Israeli archaeologist <a href="Doron_Ben-Ami" title="Doron Ben-Ami">Doron Ben-Ami</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[76]</a> but due to safety issues it was not possible to dig to the depth in question.

<blockquote class="templatequote">[32] "In Dok, beneath the corner of the eastern-most levelled platform [used for spreading things out to dry] (variant reading: guard-post), dig down to a depth of seven cubits, there are concealed twenty-two talents."<a href="#cite_note-113">[ak]</a></blockquote>

The ancient site of Dok is generally accepted to be the fortress <a href="Mount_of_Temptation#Description" title="Mount of Temptation">Dok</a> or Duq, mentioned in the <a href="1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">First Book of Maccabees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[77]</a> and which same name appears as Dagon in Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews (xiii, viii, 1), and in his book The Jewish War (i, ii, 3). Today, the site is more commonly known by its Arabic name, Jabal al-Quruntul, located about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) west of <a href="Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> and rising to an elevation of 366 metres (1,201 ft) above the level of the plain east of it. The site has been built and destroyed several times. In the year 340 CE, a Byzantine monastery named Duqa was built on the ruins of the old site, but it too was destroyed and has remained in ruins ever since.<a href="#cite_note-115">[78]</a> According to Lurie, a town by the same name has existed at the foothills of the mountain, built alongside a natural spring.<a href="#cite_note-116">[79]</a> Today, the site is known as <a href="Ein_ad-Duyuk_al-Foqa" title="Ein ad-Duyuk al-Foqa">Duyuk</a> and is located roughly 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Jericho.<a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[33] "At the source of the fountain head belonging to the Kuzeiba,<a href="#cite_note-117">[al]</a> (variant reading: Ḥaboba)<a href="#cite_note-118">[80]</a> dig down [to a depth of] three cubits unto the bedrock (variant reading: toward the overflow tank),<a href="#cite_note-119">[81]</a> [there are laid up] eighty [silver] talents [and] two golden talents."<a href="#cite_note-120">[am]</a></blockquote>

The location of the Kuzeiba has yet to be positively identified, although there exists an ancient site by its name, now known as Khŭrbet Kûeizîba, a ruin that is described by Conder and Kitchener in ' '<abbr title="Survey of Western Palestine">SWP</abbr> (vol. 3),<a href="#cite_note-121">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[an]</a> a place situated to the south of <a href="Beit_Fajjar" title="Beit Fajjar">Beit Fajjar</a> and north of <a href="Sa'ir" title="Sa'ir">Siaîr</a>, almost in their middle. A natural spring called 'Ain Kûeizîba is located nearby on the north-east side of the ruin.<a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[35] "Within the heap of stones at the mouth of the ravine of the <a href="Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron [brook]</a> there are buried seven talents [at a depth of] three cubits."<a href="#cite_note-123">[ao]</a></blockquote>

The Kidron valley extends from Jerusalem to the Dead Sea, and its banks become more precipitous, in some places, as it progresses. The Hebrew word designating "heap of stones" is יגר (singular) and happens to be same word used by <a href="Jonathan_ben_Uzziel" title="Jonathan ben Uzziel">Jonathan ben Uzziel</a> in his <a href="Aramaic_Targum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Targum">Aramaic Targum</a> of Jeremiah 51:37, יגרין (plural).<a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[43] "In the subterranean shaft that is on the north side of the mouth of the ravine belonging to Beth-tamar, as one leaves the 'Dell of the Labourer' (variant reading: as one leaves the small dale)<a href="#cite_note-Lurie_1964,_p._111-124">[83]</a> are [stored-away items] from the Temple Treasury made-up of things consecrated."<a href="#cite_note-125">[ap]</a></blockquote>

The sense of "mouth of the ravine" (פי הצוק) is generally understood to be the edge of a ravine. Beth-tamar has yet to be identified; although, in the days of Eusebius and <a href="Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, there was still a place by the name of Beththamar in the vicinity of <a href="Jaba'%2C_Jerusalem" title="Jaba', Jerusalem">Gaba</a>, and which name was originally associated with Baal-tamar of Judges 20:33.<a href="#cite_note-126">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[85]</a> To this present day, towards the east of Gaba, there are still precipitous cliffs and a number of ancient sites (now ruins), one of which may have once borne the name Beth-tamar.<a href="#cite_note-128">[aq]</a> <a href="F%C3%A9lix-Marie_Abel" title="Félix-Marie Abel">Félix-Marie Abel</a> thought to place Beth-tamar at Râs eṭ-Ṭawîl (grid position 172/137 <a href="Palestine_grid" title="Palestine grid">PAL</a>), a summit to the northeast of <a href="Tell_el-Ful" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell el-Ful">Tell el-Ful</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[86]</a> Others suggest that Beth-tamar is to be sought after around Jericho and <a href="Naaran" title="Naaran">Naaran</a>, north of <a href="Mount_of_Temptation" title="Mount of Temptation">Jabal Kuruntul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[87]</a>

It is to be noted that the old <a href="Aramaic_Targum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Targum">Aramaic Targum</a> on Judges 20:33 translates Baal-tamar as "the plains of Jericho". The Hebrew word פלע has been translated here as "labourer," based on the cognate Hebrew-Aramaic-Arabic languages and the Hebrew linguistic tradition of sometimes interchanging ḥet (ח) with 'ayin (ע), as in ויחתר and ויעתר in <abbr title="Babylonian Talmud">BT</abbr>, Sanhedrin 103a (see <a href="Minchat_Shai" class="mw-redirect" title="Minchat Shai">Minchat Shai</a> on 2 Chronicles 33:13; <a href="Leviticus_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus Rabba">Leviticus Rabba</a>, sec. 30; <a href="Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a>, Sanhedrin 10:2). The word felaḥ (פלח) in Aramaic/Syriac has the connotation of "a worker; a labourer; an artisan; a husbandman; a vine-dresser; a soldier."<a href="#cite_note-131">[88]</a> Lurie understood the same word as meaning "small", as in "the small dale".<a href="#cite_note-Lurie_1964,_p._111-124">[83]</a> The word for "things consecrated" is חרם and has the general connotation of things dedicated to the Temple, for which there is a penalty of death for one who committed sacrilege on these objects. An unspecified consecrated object belongs to the <a href="Kohen" title="Kohen">priests of Aaron's lineage</a>, while consecrated things given to the Temple's upkeep (בדק הבית) are not the property of the priests.<a href="#cite_note-132">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[44] "In the <a href="Dovecote" title="Dovecote">dovecote</a> that is at the fortress of Nābaḥ which ... south, on the second storey as one descends from above, [there are] nine talents."<a href="#cite_note-133">[ar]</a></blockquote>

In the Land of Israel, dovecotes (columbariums) were usually constructed in wide, underground pits or caves with an air opening at the top, with geometric compartments for nesting pigeons built into the inner-walls and plastered over with lime. These were almost always built at a distance outside the city, in this case near the walled citadel or fort of Nabaḥ, a place that has yet to be identified. In <a href="Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> (Menachot 9:3), it is mentioned that, during the Second Temple period, fledglings of pigeons (presumably raised in dovecotes) were principally brought from the King's Mountain, meaning, from the mountainous regions of Judea and Samaria.<a href="#cite_note-134">[as]</a><a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[45] "In the cistern [within] the dale of irrigation channels that are fed by the great riverine brook, in its ground floor [are buried] twelve talents."<a href="#cite_note-135">[at]</a></blockquote>

Cisterns were large, bottle-shaped underground storage facilities<a href="#cite_note-136">[90]</a> usually carved out of the limestone and used to store water. The large riverine brook can be almost any large <a href="Gully" title="Gully">gully</a> or gorge (נחל) that drained the run-off winter rains into a lower region. The largest riverine brook nearest Jerusalem is Wadi Qelt, formerly known as Wadi Faran. The impression here is of a place that branches off from a larger brook, and where there are several irrigation channels that pass through it. <a href="Gustaf_Dalman" title="Gustaf Dalman">Gustaf Dalman</a> mentions several riverine brooks flowing, both, eastward and westward towards the Jordan River valley and irrigating large tracts of land along the Jordan valley.<a href="#cite_note-137">[91]</a> The nearest place to Jerusalem that meets this description is the area known as the <a href="King's_Garden_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Garden (Jerusalem)">King's Garden</a>, on the southern extremity of the <a href="City_of_David_(Silwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (Silwan)">City of David</a>, where is the confluence of the <a href="Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron Valley</a> with a dale known as the <a href="Tyropoeon_Valley" title="Tyropoeon Valley">Tyropoeon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[au]</a><a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[46] "In the pool which is [in] Beit ha-kerem, as you approach on its left side, [buried] ten cubits, are sixty-two talents of silver."<a href="#cite_note-139">[av]</a></blockquote>

French scholar <a href="A._Neubauer" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Neubauer">A. Neubauer</a>, citing the Church Father Jerome, writes that from <a href="Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> one could see Bethacharma, thought to be the Beit HaKerem of <a href="Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[92]</a> and what is widely thought to have been near to <a href="Teqoa" title="Teqoa">Tekoa</a>. Conder and Kitchener, however, both from the Palestine Exploration Fund, surmised that the site of Beth-haccerem was probably to be identified with 'Ain Kârim.<a href="#cite_note-141">[93]</a> The Mishnah (compiled in 189 CE), often mentions Beit ha-kerem in relation to its valley, "the valley of Beit ha-kerem."<a href="#cite_note-142">[94]</a> Today, the ancient site's identification remains disputed.<a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[47] "In the lower millstone [of an olive press] belonging to the 'Dale of Olive' (variant reading: 'Dale of Provisions')<a href="#cite_note-143">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[aw]</a> on its western side, there are black stones [that] (variant reading: is a stone whose holes) [measure in depth] two cubits, being the entranceway, [in which are laid-up] three-hundred talents of gold and ten atonement vessels."<a href="#cite_note-145">[ax]</a></blockquote>

The Hebrew word yam (ים) denotes the "lower millstone" used in a stationary olive press.<a href="#cite_note-146">[96]</a> Its usage is found throughout the Mishnah.<a href="#cite_note-147">[ay]</a> "Dale of the Olive" (גי זת, Gei Zayt, the word zayt meaning "olive") being written here in defective scriptum. Other texts write גי זוד instead of גי זת. Allegro was uncertain of its reading.<a href="#cite_note-148">[az]</a> Although there may have been several places by the name Gei Zayt in the 1st century CE, until the early 20th century, there still existed a place by this name in its Arabic form, "Khallat ez-Zeitūna," meaning, the "Dale of Olives," and it can only be surmised whether or not the Arabic name has preserved the original representation of the older Hebrew appellation, as there were likely other dales bearing the same name. "Khallat ez-Zeitūna" is shown on one of the old British Mandate maps of the region<a href="#cite_note-149">[97]</a> and is located on the extreme eastern end of the <a href="Valley_of_Elah" title="Valley of Elah">Valley of Elah</a>, where the western edge of the dale exits into the valley. Today, it is a narrow strip of farm land, flanked on both sides by hills, situated on the left-hand side of <a href="Aviezer" title="Aviezer">Moshav Aviezer</a> as one enters the Moshav. Others read the text as "Dale of Provisions". The "black stones" are thought to be either <a href="Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> stones, which were carried there from far off, or "stones of <a href="Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>."<a href="#cite_note-150">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<blockquote class="templatequote">[51] "Beneath the corner of the [stone] bench projecting from the wall on the southside of <a href="Zadok" title="Zadok">Zadok</a>'s tomb, underneath the stone column of the <a href="Exedra" title="Exedra">exedra</a>, are found libation vessels [and] clothing [(the rest of the text is illegible)]"<a href="#cite_note-151">[ba]</a></blockquote>

According to Josephus (Antiquities 8.1.3.), Zadok was the first high priest during the reign of King David, and he continued to officiate in the Temple during Solomon's reign.<a href="#cite_note-152">[99]</a> The walled city of Jerusalem, at that time, occupied the site of the <a href="City_of_David_(archaeological_site)" title="City of David (archaeological site)">City of David</a>. Since the burial custom of Israel was to bury outside the walls of the city, this would most-likely place the tomb of Zadok in or near the <a href="Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron Valley</a>, and perhaps even in the <a href="Tyropoeon_Valley" title="Tyropoeon Valley">Tyropoeon Valley</a> which, some years later, was incorporated within the city walls when it was encompassed by a wall (making it now a built-up area), or else in the <a href="Valley_of_Hinnom_(Gehenna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Hinnom (Gehenna)">Valley of Hinnom</a> (Wadi er-Rababi), to the southwest of the City of David. The Hebrew word used for "stone-bench projecting from the wall" is esṭān, a variant spelling of esṭab (אסטאב), which same word appears in the <a href="Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (Kiddushin 70a) as [אצטבא], explained there as a scholium, meaning "a bench," but of the kind traditionally made to project from a wall. After the words "libation vessels," the Hebrew word sūḥ [סוח] appears, and which Lurie believes refers to defiled things by reason of the images of the rulers (hence: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">

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</style>אצלם‎) embossed on the coins offered to the Temple treasury.<a href="#cite_note-153">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a> The word sūḥ is derived from Isaiah 5:25, s.v. כסוחה‎. <a href="J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Milik</a>, however, read the same word as sūth (סות‎), which Hebrew word is used in Genesis 49:11 to denote "clothing" or a "garment."<a href="#cite_note-154">[101]</a> The remainder of the text is illegible in its current form. The second word, senaḥ (variant: senat) is left by Lurie without an explanation.

<blockquote class="templatequote">[60] "In the subterranean shaft that is [(incomprehensible text)]<a href="#cite_note-155">[bb]</a> on the north side of <a href="Kohlit" title="Kohlit">Kuḥlith</a>, its northern entrance, there are buried at its mouth a copy of this writing and its interpretation and their measures, with a detailed description of each and every thing."<a href="#cite_note-156">[bc]</a></blockquote>

The words "subterranean shaft" (שית) appear under their Hebrew name in the Mishnah (Middot 3:3 and Me'ilah 3:3) and <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (<a href="Sukkah_(Talmud)" title="Sukkah (Talmud)">Sukkah</a> 48b),<a href="#cite_note-157">[bd]</a> and where one of which was built near the <a href="Altar_(Bible)" title="Altar (Bible)">sacrificial altar</a> on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, down which flowed the blood and drink libations. The Hebrew word משחותיהם (meaning "their measures") is derived from the Aramaic word משחתא, being a translation of the Hebrew מדה in Exodus 26:8, among other places.<a href="#cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Claims">Claims</h2></div>

The treasure of the scroll has been assumed to be treasure of the Jewish Temple, presumably the Second Temple, among other options.

The theories of the origin of the treasure were broken down by <a href="Theodor_H._Gaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor H. Gaster">Theodor H. Gaster</a>:<a href="#cite_note-158">[102]</a>

<ul><li>First, the treasure could be that of the Qumran community. The difficulty here is that the community is assumed to be an <a href="Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> brotherhood, with which vast treasures are difficult to reconcile. (Yet community, as opposed to individual, wealth for a future hoped-for temple is possible. Such is proposed by, among others, <a href="Andr%C3%A9_Dupont-Sommer" title="André Dupont-Sommer">André Dupont-Sommer</a>, Stephen Goranson, and Emile Puech.)</li>

<li>Second, the treasure could be that of the Second Temple. However, Gaster cites Josephus as stating that the main treasure of the Temple was still in the building when it fell to the Romans, and also that other Qumranic texts appear to be too critical of the priesthood of the Temple for their authors to have been close enough to take away their treasures for safekeeping. (The <a href="Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a> shows some Temple items taken to Rome.)</li>

<li>Third, the treasure could be that of the <a href="First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a>, destroyed by <a href="Nebuchadnezzar_II_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon">Nebuchadnezzar</a>, King of <a href="Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, in 586 BCE. This would not seem to fit with the character of the other scrolls, unless perhaps the scroll was left in a cave during the <a href="Babylonian_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Exile">Babylonian Exile</a>, possibly with a small community of caretakers who were precursors of the Dead Sea Scrolls community. (The scroll was written too late for this proposal.)</li>

<li>Fourth, Gaster's own favourite theory is that the treasure is a hoax.</li></ul>

There are other options besides those listed by Gaster.<a href="#cite_note-159">[be]</a> For instance, Manfred Lehmann considered it Temple contributions collected after 70 CE.

Scholars are divided as to what the actual contents are. However, metals such as copper and bronze were a common material for archival records. Along with this, "formal characteristics" establish a "line of evidence" that suggest this scroll is an authentic "administrative document of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated212-19">[19]</a> As a result, this evidence has led a number of people to believe that the treasure really does exist. One such person is John Allegro, who in 1962 led an expedition. By following some of the places listed in the scroll, the team excavated some potential burial places for the treasure. However, the treasure hunters turned up empty handed,<a href="#cite_note-vanderkam92-14">[14]</a> and any treasure is yet to be found.

Even if none of the treasures come to light, 3Q15, as a new, long ancient Hebrew text, has significance; for instance, as comparative Semitic languages scholar <a href="Jonas_C._Greenfield" title="Jonas C. Greenfield">Jonas C. Greenfield</a> noted, it has great significance for lexicography.<a href="#cite_note-160">[103]</a>

It is more than plausible that the Romans discovered the treasure. Perhaps, when the temple of Herod was destroyed, the Romans went looking for any treasure and riches the temple may have had in its possession.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated212-19">[19]</a> The Romans might easily have acquired some or all of the treasure listed in the Copper Scroll by interrogating and torturing captives, which was normal practice. According to Josephus, the Romans had an active policy regarding the retrieval of hidden treasure.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated212-19">[19]</a>

Another theory is that, after the Roman army departed, Jewish people used the Copper Scroll to retrieve the valuables listed, and spent the valuables on rebuilding Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-161">[104]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="A_Long_Way_to_Shiloh" title="A Long Way to Shiloh">A Long Way to Shiloh</a> (known as The Menorah Men in the US) is a <a href="Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">thriller</a> by <a href="Lionel_Davidson" title="Lionel Davidson">Lionel Davidson</a>, published in 1966, whose plot follows the finding and contents of a similar treasure scroll.</li>

<li>The denouement of <a href="Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Edwin Black</a>'s Format C: included using the Copper Scroll to find the Silver Scroll, giving the protagonists the information they needed to find and defeat the main threat of the book.</li>

<li>The Copper Scroll is the subject of a political thriller, The Copper Scroll, by <a href="Joel_C._Rosenberg" title="Joel C. Rosenberg">Joel C. Rosenberg</a>, published in 2006. The book uses Rosenberg's theory that the treasures listed in the Copper Scroll (and the <a href="Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>) will be found in the <a href="Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End Times</a> to refurnish the <a href="Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a>.</li>

<li>The Copper Scroll also features in Sean Young's <a href="Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a>, Violent Sands, in which <a href="Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a> is the sworn protector of the Copper Scroll and the treasure it points to.</li>

<li>The scroll—and a search for its treasures—was featured in a 2007 episode of the <a href="History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a> series <a href="Digging_for_the_Truth" title="Digging for the Truth">Digging for the Truth</a>. The program gives a basic knowledge of the research of the Copper Scroll and all the major theories of its interpretation.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Strips of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll at the Jordan Museum, from Qumran Cave 3, 1st century CE</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Strip 11 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Strip 13 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Strip 15 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Strip 18 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum</div>

</li>

</ul>

<ul><li><a href="Kohlit" title="Kohlit">Kohlit</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;">

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> The three letters at the end are Greek.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Original Hebrew: בחרובהא שבעמק עכור תחת המעלות הבואת למזרח אמות אריח ארבעין שדת כסף וכליה משקל ככרין שבעשרה ΚΕΝ

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The name has been variously interpreted. James Elmer Dean, editor of the Syriac version of <a href="Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>' Treatise On Weights and Measures interprets it as meaning "the place of the circuit," in recognition of the circuits made there by Joseph and his brothers who stopped there while en route to the <a href="Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a> in <a href="Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>. <a href="E.H._Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="E.H. Palmer">E.H. Palmer</a> of the <a href="Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>, on the other hand, interprets it as meaning - based on the Arabic - "the house of the partridge."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> s.v. ככר כסף; cf. <a href="Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 310–403), who explains the sense of certain Hebrew weights and measures and writes: "The <a href="Talent_(measurement)#Talent_in_late_Hebrew_antiquity" title="Talent (measurement)">talent</a> is called Maneh (mina) among the Hebrews," the equivalence of 100 coins in specie. See: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><cite id="CITEREFEpiphanius1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a> (1935). James Elmer Dean (ed.). <a href="On_Weights_and_Measures" title="On Weights and Measures">Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures - The Syriac Version</a>. Chicago: <a href="University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 60 (§ 51), 65. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123314338">123314338</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> The weight of the Roman libra is estimated at anywhere from 322–329 g (11.4–11.6 oz). One-hundred Roman libra would have come to 32.89 kilograms (72.5 lb), roughly the same figure proposed by Shelley Neese of The Copper Scroll Project for the weight of the talent. Lefkovits (1994,37) supposed that the weight of the talent in the late Second Temple period was equal to about 21.3 kilograms (47 lb). Adani (1997), p. 17b, claims that for every talent there were 6,000 <a href="Denarius" title="Denarius">denaria</a>, having a total weight of 27.338 kilogram.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (<a href="Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a>, end of chapter 1, s.v. שאל אנטינונס הגמון לרבן יוחנן בן זכאי); ibid, Commentary of <a href="Moses_Margolies" title="Moses Margolies">Moses Margolies</a> entitled Pnei Moshe. Here, centenarius (קנטינרא) is used interchangeably with the Hebrew "talent" (kikkar). Compare <a href="Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a href="Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities</a> 3.6.7. (3.144) "Over against this table, near the southern wall, was set a candlestick of cast gold, hollow within, being of the weight one-hundred [pounds], which the Hebrews call Chinchares (<a href="Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: κίγχαρες) (Hebrew: קינטרא); if it be turned into the Greek language, it denotes a talent."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Original Hebrew: בנפש בנדבך השלישי עשתות זהב מאה

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> s.v. נפש אטומה (Ohelot 7:1)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> s.v. העשת (Keilim 11:3), where Hai Gaon writes: "ha-'ashet, meaning, a large piece of [unshaped] metal, as it is written (Ezekiel 27:19): Dan and Yavan gave yarn for thy wares, [unshaped] smelted iron."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Original Hebrew: בבור הגדול שבחצר הפרסטלון בירכ קרקעו סתומ בחלא נגד הפתח העליון ככרין תשע מאת

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Original Hebrew: בתל של כחלת כלי דמע בלגין ואפורין הכל של דמע והאוצר השבוע ומעסר שני בפי גל פתחו בשולי האמא מן הצפון אמות שש עד ניקרת הטבילה ΧΑΓ

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Zissu's identification is based on a similarity of its name with Wadi Kuḥeila, a watercourse that empties into the larger watercourse by the name of Wādi Sāmiya, from its north side. The watercourse appears in the Palestine Open Maps, and although no ruin by that name has been found, there is a possibility that its old appellation was changed in later time by a newer name. A nearby ruin along the watercourse is Kh. Samiya, near the confluence of Wadi Samiya and Wadi Siya.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Cf. <abbr title="Babylonian Talmud">BT</abbr> Baba Kama 69a.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> במערת בין חמדה הישן ברובד השלישי עשתות זהב ששין וחמש ΘΕ

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> s.v. מערה

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Original Hebrew: בבור שנגד השער המזרחי רחוק אמות תשעסרא בו כלין ובמזקא שבו ככרין עסר ΔΙ

</li>

<li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> s.v. Middot 1:3.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Cf. Mishnah Shekalim 6:3; Sotah 1:5; Middot 1:4, 2:6; <a href="Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> Yom ha-kippurim 2:4

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> s.v. קלנתיא. See also a discussion on this subject in the Jewish Virtual Library, s.v. Nicanor's Gate.<a href="#cite_note-68">[50]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> s.v. Berakhot 9:5. See Maimonides' commentary there.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> The closest cistern at present to the Golden Gate, if it were indeed the Eastern Gate under discussion here, lies at a distance of some 30–40 m (98–131 ft) to its west, northwest.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Allegro (1960), p. 39, renders these words as שני הבדין, meaning "two olive presses." In Allegro's revised second edition, published in 1964, p. 22, he wrote for the same words "two buildings".

</li>

<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Original Hebrew: בין שני הבתין שבעמק עכון באמצענ חפון אמות שלוש שמ שני דודין מלאין כסף

</li>

<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Beit Arabah, although mentioned three times in the Hebrew Scriptures, has not yet been positively identified. Some think that it may have been where is now 'Ain el-Gharabeh, a site that has not yielded archaeological artifacts any earlier than the Byzantine period, while others think that it is to be identified with Rujm el-Bahr.<a href="#cite_note-79">[56]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Beit-ḥagla (ΒΗΘΑΓΛΑ) is shown on the Madaba Map a little south-east of Jericho. <a href="Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, in his <a href="Onomasticon_(Eusebius)" title="Onomasticon (Eusebius)">Onomasticon</a>, wrote of the site being located at "three milestones from Jericho and about two milestones from the Jordan".<a href="#cite_note-81">[57]</a> The old site of Beit-ḥagla may have been near the adjacent natural spring by the name 'Ein Ḥajla, located a little more than 1 km (0.62 mi) to the north-east of the monastery <a href="Deir_Hajla" title="Deir Hajla">Deir Hajla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[58]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Bethabara is a site shown on the Madaba Map (ΒΕΘΑΒΑΡΑ) on the west bank of the Jordan River, not far from the place where it empties into the Dead Sea. Some identify this site with the modern Tell Medes, and others with Makhadet el Hajla, not far from Beit-ḥagla.<a href="#cite_note-84">[59]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Allegro, in his revised second edition (1964, p. 23), leaves this space blank, as it is clearly defaced in the original copper scroll. There is no evidence what the reference may have been, whether to a large stone, or large tree, etc.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Original Hebrew: ברוש אמת המימ [... ]סככא מן הצפון ת[...] הגדולא חפור אמ[...]ש כספ ככ שבעה

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Wadi el Aujah is shown on the Palestine Exploration Fund map (<abbr title="Survey of Western Palestine">SWP</abbr> map no. XV.<a href="#cite_note-93">[65]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> The number "seven" is represented in the original text by the symbols of seven vertical lines, although part of the original text of the Copper Scroll was defaced at the end of the seventh vertical line.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Original Hebrew: בקבר שבנחל הכפא בבואה מירחו לסככא חפון אמות שבע ככ

</li>

<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Follows Lurie's interpretation. Allegro (1964), p. 23, writes here "Double Gate," which is clearly a mistranslation. The Hebrew word for city gate is sha'ar (שער), whereas the word used here is פתחין petaḥīn, meaning, "entranceways".

</li>

<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Original Hebrew: ...רת העמוד של שני ...פתחין צופא מזרח ...פתח הצפוני חפור ...מות שלוש שמ קלל בו ספר אחד תחתו ככ ॥ᑎᑎ

</li>

<li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Mishnah Parah 3:3, s.v. קלל של חטאת

</li>

<li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Original Hebrew: במשכן המלכא בצד המערבי חפר אמות שתימ עסרה ככ ᑎ।।।।।।।

</li>

<li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Cf. <a href="Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>'s <a href="Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a> translation of the Pentateuch (Numbers 24:5), where the Hebrew word משכנתיך, meaning משכנות, plural of משכן, is explained by him as meaning "dwellings; houses", and being equivalent to the Arabic word منازل. The Hebrew word is said to be derived from the <a href="Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> škn (meaning "dwelling place"), and from the <a href="Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> maškanu (meaning "place"), and related to the <a href="Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>/<a href="Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> mškn (meaning "tent; dwelling").

</li>

<li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Original Hebrew: בדוק תחת פנת המשטח המזרחית חפור אמות שבע ככ שתימ ועשרים. In the original Hebrew, the number "twenty-two" is represented by the ancient numerical symbols: ।।<big>э</big>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Lefkovits, J. (1994), p. 534, holds this to be the correct reading, following the opinion of <a href="J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Józef Milik</a>, <a href="Bargil_Pixner" title="Bargil Pixner">Bargil Pixner</a> and Thorion. In Allegro's first edition of his translation of the Copper Scroll (1960, p. 45), he assumed that the word referenced here was "drain pipe." In Allegro's second revised edition (1964, p. 24) he corrected his translation to read "Kozibah" (Kuzeiba).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Original Hebrew: על פי יציאת המימ של הכוזבא חפור אמות שלוש עד הסור ככ <big>ээээ</big> זהב ככרינ שתימ. In the original Hebrew, the number "eighty" is represented by three ancient numerical symbols: ээээ

</li>

<li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Khŭrbet Kûeizîba is described as the "ruins of a small town with a good spring. The buildings stand on terraces on the side of the valley, and some of the walls remain to a height of 10 feet. In the upper part of the ruin is a tower of good sized masonry, some of the stones 4 feet long. The masonry is good, and has the appearance of antiquity; the ruin is unusually well preserved."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Original Hebrew: ביגר של פי צוק הקדרון חפור אמות שלוש ככ שבעה

</li>

<li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Original Hebrew: בשית שו בצפון פי הצוק שלבית תמר בצהיאת גי פלע מלשכת חרמ

</li>

<li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Jeba (Gaba) and its topography were described in the late 19th century by Conder and Kitchener of the <a href="Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a>, in <abbr title="Survey of Western Palestine">SWP</abbr> (vol. 3, p. 9) as such: "...on the east [of Jeba] is a plain extending for about 1½ miles, and about ½ mile wide north and south. This plain is open arable land, extending to the brink of the precipitous cliffs on the north". These cliffs are seen on the maps of Palestine produced in the 1940s and are called 'Irāq el Husn, which rise from the banks of Wadi es Suweinit.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Original Hebrew: בשובך שבמצד נאבח ה... דרומ בעליאה השנית ירידתו מלמעלא ככ תשעה

</li>

<li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> The number "nine" is represented in the original text by the symbols of nine vertical lines.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Original Hebrew: בבור גי מזקות שרוי מהנחל הגדול בקרקעו ככ <big>ᑊᑊᐣ</big>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> The number "twelve" is represented in the original text by two vertical lines.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Original Hebrew: באשוח שו [ב]בית הכרמ בבואך לסמולו אמות עסר כסף ככרין ששין ושנין

</li>

<li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> According to Lurie, the word which appears in the text is זוד), having the sense of "provisions" or "victuals" taken by a traveller on their journey.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Original Hebrew: בימ של גי זת בצדו המערבי אבן שחורות אמות שתין הו הפתח ככרין שלש מאות זהב וכלין כופרין עסרה

</li>

<li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Cf. ים, yam, as explained by Mishnaic exegetes <a href="Hai_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Gaon">Hai Gaon</a> (939–1038) on Mishnah (Taharot 10:8); <a href="Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> on Mishnah Baba Bathra 4:5 and in his <a href="Mishne_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishne Torah">Mishne Torah</a> (Hil. Mekhirah 25:7) as pointed out by Rabbi <a href="Vidal_of_Tolosa" title="Vidal of Tolosa">Vidal of Tolosa</a>; and by <a href="Nathan_ben_Jehiel" title="Nathan ben Jehiel">Nathan ben Jehiel</a> (1035–1106) in his Sefer ha-Arukh, s.v. ממל; <a href="Obadiah_Bartenura" class="mw-redirect" title="Obadiah Bartenura">Obadiah Bartenura</a> in his commentary on Mishnah (<a href="Maaserot" class="mw-redirect" title="Maaserot">Maaserot</a> 1:7), as well as by <a href="Moses_Margolies" title="Moses Margolies">Moses Margolies</a> (1715–1781) in his commentary P'nei Moshe on the <a href="Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (Baba Bathra 4:5), and by <a href="Nissim_of_Gerona" title="Nissim of Gerona">Nissim of Gerona</a> on <a href="Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Rav Alfasi</a>'s commentary on Avodah Zarah 75a, among others. See also Amar, Z., Flora and Fauna in Maimonides' Teachings, Makhon ha-torah we-ha-aretz shavei darom, Kfar Darom 2015, p. 74 (in Hebrew), s.v. זית

</li>

<li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> In Allegro's first translation of the Copper Scroll (1960, p. 51), he wrote "vat of the olive press." In his second revised edition (1964, p. 25), he wrote simply "Valley of [...]", leaving the word blank.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Original Hebrew: מתחת פנת האסטאן הדרוימית בקבר צדוק תחת עמוד האכסדרן כלי דמע סוח דמע סנח ותכן אצלמ

</li>

<li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Allegro (1960), p. 55, renders this word שכינה as "adjoining," although there is no parallel to its usage in rabbinic writings that show for it a lineal reference to distance. What is more, the word is partially defaced in the original scroll.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Original Hebrew: בשית שבינח בצפון כחלת פתחא צפון וקברין על פיה משנא הכתב הזה ופרושה ומשחותיהמ ופרוט כל אחד ואחד

</li>

<li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> See also Maimonides, <a href="Mishne_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishne Torah">Mishne Torah</a> (Hil. Ma'aseh Korbanot 2:1)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> See Wolters in Bibliography pp. 15–17 for a more up-to-date list

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> J.T. Milik, The Copper Document from Cave III, Qumran, p. 61

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/opeds/copper">"The Bible and Interpretation – On the Insignificance and the Abuse of the Copper Scroll"</a>. Bibleinterp.com. Retrieved 2015-11-26.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luhot.ru/news/263/72/v-stolitse-iordanii-ammane-otkryt-novyj-iordanskij-muzej-hranyaschij-vazhnejshie-artefakty-biblejskoj-arheologii">"Новости – Библейский альманах "Скрижали""</a>. Luhot.ru. 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2015-11-26.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facsimile-editions.com/en/ds">"Dead Sea Scrolls"</a>. Facsimile Editions. Retrieved 2015-11-26.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/copied-copper-scroll-is-one-to-treasure-1.56789">"Copied copper scroll is one to treasure"</a>. The Jewish Chronicle. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLundberg" class="citation web cs1">Lundberg, Marilyn J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303234829/http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/dead_sea_scrolls/copperscroll.shtml">"The Copper Scroll (3Q15)"</a>. West Semitic Research Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/dead_sea_scrolls/copperscroll.shtml">the original</a> on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-autogenerated211-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated211_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated211_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated211_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated211_7-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFMichael_WiseMartin_Abegg_JrEdward_Cook2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael Wise; Martin Abegg Jr; Edward Cook (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise/page/211">A New Translation: The Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. New York: Harper Collins Publisher. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise/page/211">211–223</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-06-076662-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://home.flash.net/~hoselton/deadsea/cave03.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216161923/http://home.flash.net/~hoselton/deadsea/cave03.htm">Archived</a> February 16, 2007, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Allegro 1960, pp. 22–24, 27.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Allegro, 1960, p. 6.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Al Wolters, article on the "Copper Scroll", in Schiffman, 2000a (Vol.2), p.146.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BrookeDavies2004-12"><a href="#cite_ref-BrookeDavies2004_12-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGeorge_J._BrookePhilip_R._Davies2004" class="citation book cs1">George J. Brooke; Philip R. Davies (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfXGBRUIiBoC&q=%22copper+scroll%22+photographed+1988+-wikipedia&pg=PA46">Copper Scroll Studies</a>. A&C Black. p. 46. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-567-08456-9</bdi>. Retrieved 2015-11-26.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> See Poffet, et al. 2006.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-vanderkam92-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanderkam92_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderkam92_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderkam92_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanderkam92_14-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFVanderKam2010" class="citation book cs1">VanderKam, James C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2i5haDHAygC&pg=PA92">The Dead Sea Scrolls Today</a>. Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 92–93. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8028-6435-2</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="Albert_M._Wolters" title="Albert M. Wolters">Al Wolters</a>, article on the "Copper Scroll", in Schiffman, 2000a (Vol.2), p.146.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Puech, "Some Results of the Restoration of the Copper Scroll by EDF Mecenat", in Schiffman, 2000b, p.893.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLundberg" class="citation web cs1">Lundberg, Marilyn J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303234829/http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/dead_sea_scrolls/copperscroll.shtml">"The Copper Scroll (3Q15)"</a>. West Semitic Research Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/dead_sea_scrolls/copperscroll.shtml">the original</a> on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Lefkovits (1994), p. 123

</li>

<li id="cite_note-autogenerated212-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated212_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated212_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated212_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated212_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated212_19-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFMichael_WiseMartin_Abegg_JrEdward_Cook2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael Wise; Martin Abegg Jr; Edward Cook (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise/page/212">A New Translation: The Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. New York: Harper Collins Publisher. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise/page/212">212</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-06-076662-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMilik1956" class="citation journal cs1">Milik, J.T (September 1956). "The Copper Document from Cave III, Qumran". The Biblical Archaeologist. 19 (3): 60–64. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3209219">10.2307/3209219</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209219">3209219</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165466511">165466511</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMichael_O._Wise,_Martin_G._Abegg_Jr.,_Edward_M._Cook" class="citation book cs1">Michael O. Wise, Martin G. Abegg Jr., Edward M. Cook. Dead Sea scrolls: A new translation. p. 191. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0060766627</bdi>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMichael_WiseMartin_Abegg_JrEdward_Cook2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael Wise; Martin Abegg Jr; Edward Cook (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise/page/214">A New Translation: The Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. New York: Harper Collins Publisher. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise/page/214">214</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-06-076662-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3118_scrolls.html">"NOVA | Ancient Refuge in the Holy Land"</a>. Pbs.org. Retrieved 2015-11-26.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMichael_WiseMartin_Abegg_JrEdward_Cook2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael Wise; Martin Abegg Jr; Edward Cook (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise/page/215">A New Translation: The Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. New York: Harper Collins Publisher. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadseascrollsne00wise/page/215">215</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-06-076662-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLundber" class="citation web cs1">Lundber, Marilyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303234829/http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/dead_sea_scrolls/copperscroll.shtml">"The Copper Scroll (3Q15)"</a>. West Semitic Research Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/dead_sea_scrolls/copperscroll.shtml">the original</a> on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChapmann_IIITaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Chapmann III, R.L.; <a href="Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Taylor, J.E.</a>, eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. pp. 19, 169. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>965-220-500-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937002750">937002750</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChapmann_IIITaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Chapmann III, R.L.; <a href="Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Taylor, J.E.</a>, eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. p. 104. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>965-220-500-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937002750">937002750</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChapmann_IIITaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Chapmann III, R.L.; <a href="Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Taylor, J.E.</a>, eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. p. 50. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>965-220-500-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937002750">937002750</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0150.htm#10">Genesis 50:10</a>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Allegro (1964), p. 63

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3196-beth-arabah">Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), s.v. Beth-Arabah</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPesikta_de-Rav_Kahana1949" class="citation book cs1">Pesikta de-Rav Kahana (1949). <a href="Salomon_Buber" title="Salomon Buber">Salomon Buber</a> (ed.). <a href="Pesikta_de-Rav_Kahana" title="Pesikta de-Rav Kahana">Pesikta de-Rav Kahana</a>. New York: <a href="Mekitze_Nirdamim" title="Mekitze Nirdamim">Mekitze Nirdamim</a>. p. 19a (P. Sheqalīm). <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/122787256">122787256</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEpiphanius1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a> (1935). James Elmer Dean (ed.). Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures - The Syriac Version. Chicago: <a href="University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 57. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123314338">123314338</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LuriaB1964-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LuriaB1964_41-20">u</a> <cite id="CITEREFLurie1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lurie, Benzion, ed. (1964). The Copper Scroll from the Judean Desert (megīllat ha-neḥoshet mimidbar yehūdah) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: The Society for biblical research in Israel, in affiliation with Kiryat Sefer Publishing House. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233295816">233295816</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHai_Gaon1921–1924" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Hai_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Gaon">Hai Gaon</a> (1921–1924), "Hai Gaon's Commentary on Seder Taharot", in Epstein, J.N. (ed.), The Geonic Commentary on Seder Taharot - Attributed to Rabbi Hai Gaon (in Hebrew), vol. 2, Berlin: Itzkowski, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=34571&st=&pgnum=18&hilite=">85</a>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13977130">13977130</a></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHai_Gaon1921–1924" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Hai_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Gaon">Hai Gaon</a> (1921–1924), "Hai Gaon's Commentary on Seder Taharot", in Epstein, J.N. (ed.), The Geonic Commentary on Seder Taharot - Attributed to Rabbi Hai Gaon (in Hebrew), vol. 1, Berlin: Itzkowski, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=34567&st=&pgnum=25&hilite=">20</a>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13977130">13977130</a></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Lurie, B. (1964), p. 61

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMaimonides1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1963). <a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, with Maimonides' Commentary (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Yosef Qafih</a>. Jerusalem: <a href="Mossad_Harav_Kook" title="Mossad Harav Kook">Mossad Harav Kook</a>. p. 38 (part II). <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741081810">741081810</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Allegro (1964), pp. 64–65

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLehman1964" class="citation journal cs1">Lehman, Manfred R. (1964). "Identification of the Copper Scroll Based on its Technical Terms". Revue de Qumrân. 5 (1). Peeters Publishers: 97–105. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24599088">24599088</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZissu2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%96_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95" class="extiw external" title="he:בועז זיסו">Zissu, Boaz</a> [in Hebrew] (2001). "The Identification of the Copper Scroll's Kaḥelet at 'Ein Samiya in the Samarian Desert". <a href="Palestine_Exploration_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine Exploration Quarterly">Palestine Exploration Quarterly</a>. 133 (2): 145–158. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.2001.133.2.145">10.1179/peq.2001.133.2.145</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162214595">162214595</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Lurie, B. (1964), p. 68

</li>

<li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRatzaby1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99" class="extiw external" title="he:יהודה רצהבי">Ratzaby, Yehuda</a> [in Hebrew] (1978). Dictionary of the Hebrew Language used by Yemenite Jews (Osar Leshon Haqqodesh shellivne Teman) (in Hebrew). Tel-Aviv. p. 166. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19166610">19166610</a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Lurie, B. (1964), p. 93 (note 204)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDanby1933" class="citation cs2"><a href="Herbert_Danby" title="Herbert Danby">Danby, H.</a>, ed. (1933), <a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">The Mishnah</a>, Oxford: <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DanbyMishnah/page/n617/mode/1up">590</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-815402-X</bdi></cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{citation}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a href="The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D5%3Awhiston+chapter%3D5%3Awhiston+section%3D3">5.204</a>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJastrow2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="Marcus_Jastrow" title="Marcus Jastrow">Jastrow, M.</a>, ed. (2006), Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, p. 1379, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/614562238">614562238</a></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nicanor-s-gate">Jewish Virtual Library</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDanby1933" class="citation cs2"><a href="Herbert_Danby" title="Herbert Danby">Danby, H.</a>, ed. (1933), <a href="Mishnah" title="Mishnah">The Mishnah</a>, Oxford: <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DanbyMishnah/page/n39/mode/1up">10</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-815402-X</bdi></cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{citation}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Schiller1989-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Schiller1989_72-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchiller1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8" class="extiw external" title="he:אלי שילר">Schiller, Eli</a> [in Hebrew], ed. (1989). The Temple Mount and its Sites (הר הבית ואתריו) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ariel. pp. 129–134 (Cisterns on the Temple Mount). <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741174009">741174009</a>.</cite> (Reproduced from Ariel: A Journal for the Knowledge of the Land of Israel, volumes 64-65).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSchiller1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8" class="extiw external" title="he:אלי שילר">Schiller, Eli</a> [in Hebrew], ed. (1989). The Temple Mount and its Sites (הר הבית ואתריו) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ariel. p. 131 (Cisterns on the Temple Mount). <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741174009">741174009</a>.</cite> (Reproduced from Ariel: A Journal for the Knowledge of the Land of Israel, volumes 64-65).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWolters1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Al_Wolters" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Wolters">Wolters, A.</a> (1989). "The 'Copper Scroll' and the Vocabulary of Mishnaic Hebrew". Revue de Qumrân. 14 (3 (55)). Leuven (Belgium): Peeters: 488. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24608995">24608995</a>.</cite>, items 2:9 and 10:3

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> London 1884, p. 220

</li>

<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChapmann_IIITaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Chapmann III, R.L.; <a href="Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Taylor, J.E.</a>, eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. p. 121. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>965-220-500-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937002750">937002750</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChapmann_IIITaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Chapmann III, R.L.; <a href="Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Taylor, J.E.</a>, eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. pp. 14, 179. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>965-220-500-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937002750">937002750</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarcos1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marcos, Menahem (1979). "'Ain Hajla". In Ben-Yosef, Sefi (ed.). Israel Guide - The Judean Desert and The Jordan Valley (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 5. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. p. 169. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745203905">745203905</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChapmann_IIITaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Chapmann III, R.L.; <a href="Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Taylor, J.E.</a>, eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. p. 120. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>965-220-500-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937002750">937002750</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Cf. II Kings 4:38, Zechariah 14:20, et al.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFConderKitchener1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Claude_Reignier_Conder" title="Claude Reignier Conder">Conder, C.R.</a>; <a href="Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Kitchener, H.H.</a> (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft">The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology</a>. Vol. 3. London: <a href="Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund</a>.</cite>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft/page/206/mode/2up?view=theater">206–207</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Lurie (1964), p. 85

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBen-Yosef1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ben-Yosef, Sefi (1979). "Wadi Qelt". In Yitzhaki, Arieh (ed.). Israel Guide - The Judean Desert and The Jordan Valley (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 5. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. pp. 76–82. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745203905">745203905</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBen-Yosef1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ben-Yosef, Sefi (1979). "Wadi Auja". In Yitzhaki, Arieh (ed.). Israel Guide - The Judean Desert and The Jordan Valley (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 5. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. pp. 73–74. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745203905">745203905</a>.</cite>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Allegro_1960,_pp._68–74,_144–145-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allegro_1960,_pp._68–74,_144–145_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allegro_1960,_pp._68–74,_144–145_95-1">b</a> Allegro (1960), pp. 68–74, 144–145

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ben-YosefS1979-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-YosefS1979_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-YosefS1979_96-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBen-Yosef1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ben-Yosef, Sefi (1979). "Ḥorvat Chariton". In Yitzhaki, Arieh (ed.). Israel Guide - The Judean Desert and The Jordan Valley (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 5. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. p. 88. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745203905">745203905</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Allegro (1964), pp. 63–70 (Chapter Seven)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> cf. <a href="Guy_Le_Strange" title="Guy Le Strange">Le Strange</a> (1965), Palestine under the Moslems: a Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestineunderm01stragoog/page/n270/mode/1up">214</a>, who cites <a href="Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Idrisi</a> (1154) over this tradition.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/01/travel/quarrying-history-in-jerusalem.html">Quarrying History in Jerusalem</a>, The New York Times (December 1, 1985)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFConderKitchener1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Claude_Reignier_Conder" title="Claude Reignier Conder">Conder, C.R.</a>; <a href="Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Kitchener, H.H.</a> (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft">The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology</a>. Vol. 2. London: <a href="Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft/page/242/mode/1up">243</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHai_Gaon1924" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Hai_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Gaon">Hai Gaon</a> (1924), "Hai Gaon's Commentary on Seder Taharot", in Epstein, J.N. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=34571&pgnum=1">The Geonic Commentary on Seder Taharot - Attributed to Rabbi Hai Gaon</a> (in Hebrew), vol. 2, Berlin: Itzkowski, p. 103, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13977130">13977130</a></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Høgenhaven (2015), p. 277, s.v. item 6:11

</li>

<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Allegro (1964), p. 23 (item no. 28); Allegro (1960), p. 43 (item no. 28)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Allegro (1964), p. 23 (item no. 28)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="Jerusalem_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Post">Jerusalem Post</a> (Dec 5, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel/second-temple-palace-uncovered">Second Temple palace uncovered</a>, by Etgar Lefkovits; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiquities.org.il/Article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1314&hist=1">Report of findings made by the Israel Antiquities Authority</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%2016:15&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 16:15</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Ben-Yosef, S. (1979), p. 55

</li>

<li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Lurie, B. (1964), p. 97.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Lurie, B. (1964), p. 97

</li>

<li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Allegro (1964), p. 24

</li>

<li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFConderKitchener1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Claude_Reignier_Conder" title="Claude Reignier Conder">Conder, C.R</a>; <a href="Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Kitchener, H.H.</a> (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft">The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology</a>. Vol. 3. London: <a href="Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund</a>. p. 358.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lurie_1964,_p._111-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lurie_1964,_p._111_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lurie_1964,_p._111_124-1">b</a> Lurie (1964), p. 111

</li>

<li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0720.htm#33">Judges 20:33</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Chapmann & Taylor (2003), pp. 37, 117, s.v. Baalthamar

</li>

<li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="John_Marco_Allegro" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marco Allegro">Allegro</a> (1960), p. 158 (note 222)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Lefkovits (1994), p. 114

</li>

<li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPayne_Smith1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="Robert_Payne_Smith" title="Robert Payne Smith">Payne Smith, R.</a> (1903). <a href="Jessie_Payne_Margoliouth" title="Jessie Payne Margoliouth">Jessie Margoliouth</a> (ed.). A Compendious Syriac Dictionary (in Syriac and English). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ACompendiousSyriacDictionary/page/n456/mode/1up">448</a>. <q>ܦܠܚ a labourer, a husbandman, a vine-dresser</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNathan_ben_Abraham1955" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Nathan_ben_Abraham_I" title="Nathan ben Abraham I">Nathan ben Abraham</a> (1955), "Perush Shishah Sidrei Mishnah - A Commentary on the Six Orders of the Mishnah", in Sachs, Mordecai Yehudah Leib (ed.), The Six Orders of the Mishnah: with the Commentaries of the Rishonim (in Hebrew), Jerusalem: El ha-Meqorot, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233403923">233403923</a></cite>, s.v. Tractate <a href="Nedarim_(Talmud)" title="Nedarim (Talmud)">Nedarim</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDalman2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Gustaf_Dalman" title="Gustaf Dalman">Dalman, Gustaf</a> (2013). Work and Customs in Palestine. Vol. I/2. Translated by Nadia Abdulhadi Sukhtian. Ramallah: Dar Al Nasher. pp. 541–543. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789950385-01-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1040774903">1040774903</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="Gustaf_Dalman" title="Gustaf Dalman">Dalman</a> (2020), p. 277.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Neubauer's Geography: Adolphe Neubauer, La Géographie du Talmud, Paris 1868, pp. 131 – 132, s.v. Jerome, Comm. ad Amos, VI, 1

</li>

<li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFConderKitchener1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Claude_Reignier_Conder" title="Claude Reignier Conder">Conder, C.R.</a>; <a href="Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Kitchener, H.H.</a> (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft">The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology</a>. Vol. 3. London: <a href="Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft/page/20/mode/1up">20</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Mishnah Middot 3:4; Niddah 2:7.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Lurie (1964), p. 115.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAvitsur1994" class="citation book cs1">Avitsur, Shmuel (1994). "Olive Oil Production in the Land of Israel: Traditional to Industrial". In Etan Ayalon (ed.). History and Technology of Olive Oil in the Holy Land. Translated by Jay C. Jacobson. Tel Aviv, Israel: Eretz Israel Museum and Oléarus editions. p. 108. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-917526-06-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palopenmaps.org/view">Palestine Open Maps, Palestine 1940s</a>. The dale passes between the upper <a href="Umm_er_Rus" title="Umm er Rus">Kh. Umm er Rūs</a> and the lower Kh. Umm er Rūs.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Lurie (1964), p. 115

</li>

<li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<a href="Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities</a> 10.8.6.)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Lurie (1964), pp. 118–119

</li>

<li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a> on Gen. 49:11; <a href="Midrash_ha-Hefez" title="Midrash ha-Hefez">Midrash ha-Hefez</a> on Gen. 49:11

</li>

<li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTheodor_H._Gaster1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Theodor_H._Gaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor H. Gaster">Theodor H. Gaster</a> (1976). The Dead Sea Scriptures. Peter Smith Publishing Inc. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8446-6702-1</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> See Greenfield's review of Milik "The Small Caves of Qumran" in Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 89, No. 1 (Jan.–Mar., 1969), pp. 128–141).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> British TV program: <a href="Channel_5_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 5 (UK)">Channel 5</a>, 21 April 2018, "The Dead Sea Treasure Map Mystery", 4/6

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAdani1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adani, Samuel ben Joseph (1997). Sefer Naḥalat Yosef (in Hebrew). Ramat-Gan: Makhon Nir David. p. 17b (chapter4). <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31818927">31818927</a>.</cite> (reprinted from Jerusalem editions, 1907, 1917 and 1988)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAllegro1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_M._Allegro" title="John M. Allegro">Allegro, John M.</a> (1960). The Treasure of the Copper Scroll. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/559692466">559692466</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAllegro1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_M._Allegro" title="John M. Allegro">Allegro, John M.</a> (1964). The Treasure of the Copper Scroll (2 ed.). Garden City, NY: <a href="Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/917557044">917557044</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBen-Yosef1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ben-Yosef, Sefi (1979). "Dagon (Dok)". In Yitzhaki, Arieh (ed.). Israel Guide - The Judean Desert and The Jordan Valley (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 5. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. pp. 54–55. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745203905">745203905</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBrookePhilip_R._Davies2002" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, George J.; Philip R. Davies, eds. (2002). Copper Scroll Studies. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series, Vol. 40. New York: <a href="T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">Sheffield Academic Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8264-6055-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDalman2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="Gustaf_Dalman" title="Gustaf Dalman">Dalman, Gustaf</a> (2020). Nadia Abdulhadi-Sukhtian (ed.). Work and Customs in Palestine, volume II. Vol. 2 (Agriculture). Translated by Robert Schick. Ramallah: Dar Al Nasher. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9950-385-84-9</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChapmann_IIITaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Chapmann III, R.L.; <a href="Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Taylor, J.E.</a>, eds. (2003). Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>965-220-500-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937002750">937002750</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFeather2003" class="citation book cs1">Feather, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DVooDwAAQBAJ">The Mystery of the Copper Scroll of Qumran: The Essene Record of the Treasure of Akhenaten</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59143-857-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGaster1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Theodor_H._Gaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor H. Gaster">Gaster, Theodor</a> (1976). The Dead Sea Scriptures (3rd ed.). New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-385-08859-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_MartínezTigchelaar1999" class="citation book cs1">García Martínez, Florentino; Tigchelaar, Eibert J. C., eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheDeadSeaScrollsStudyEditionMartinezTigchelaar1999">The Dead Sea Scrolls: Study Edition, Vol.1</a> (2nd ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-11547-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHøgenhaven2015" class="citation journal cs1">Høgenhaven, Jesper (2015). "The Language of the Copper Scroll: A Renewed Examination". Revue de Qumrân. 27 (2 (106)). Peeters: 271–301. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26566326">26566326</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLefkovits1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lefkovits, Judah K. (1994). The Copper Scroll 3-Q15 a new reading, translation and commentary [Thesis (Ph.D.)--New York University, 1993] (in English and Hebrew). Ann Arbor, Mich: University Microfilms International (UMI). <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233980235">233980235</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLefkovits2000" class="citation book cs1">Lefkovits, Judah K. (2000). The Copper Scroll 3Q15: A Reevaluation: A New Reading, Translation, and Commentary. Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah, Vol. 25. Leiden, The Netherlands: <a href="Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-04-10685-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLurie1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lurie, Benzion, ed. (1964). The Copper Scroll from the Judean Desert (megīllat ha-neḥoshet mimidbar yehūdah) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: The Society for biblical research in Israel, in affiliation with Kiryat Sefer Publishing House. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233295816">233295816</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMilik1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Milik, J.T.</a> (1960). "The Copper Document from Cave III of Qumran: Translation and Commentary". Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 4-5. Amman: Department of Antiquities (Jordan). pp. 147–148. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1063927215">1063927215</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFParry2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Donald_W._Parry" title="Donald W. Parry">Parry, Donald W.</a> (2005). <a href="Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Tov, Emanuel</a> (ed.). The Dead Sea Scrolls Reader, Vol. 6: Additional Genres and Unclassified Texts. Leiden, The Netherlands: <a href="Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. pp. 250–261. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-04-12646-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPuechPoffet2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Emile_Puech" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Puech">Puech, Emile</a>; Poffet, Jean-Michel; et al. (2006). Le rouleau de cuivre de la grotte 3 de Qumrân (3Q15): expertise, restoration, epigraphie (2 vol.). Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah, Vol. 55. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, École biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem, EDF Foundation. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-14030-1</bdi>.</cite> Puech had access to the cleaned artifact and scans; Vol. 1, pp. 169–216 has his text, commentary and French and English translations.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFShanks1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Hershel_Shanks" title="Hershel Shanks">Shanks, Hershel</a>, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/understandingdea00shan">Understanding the Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. New York: <a href="Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-679-41448-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchiffmanVanderKam2000a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Schiffman, Lawrence H.</a>; VanderKam, James C., eds. (2000a). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Vol. 1. Oxford: <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-513796-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSchiffmanTovVanderKam2000b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Schiffman, Lawrence H.</a>; <a href="Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Tov, Emanuel</a>; VanderKam, James C., eds. (2000b). The Dead Sea Scrolls Fifty Years After Their Discovery. Jerusalem: <a href="Israel_Exploration_Society" title="Israel Exploration Society">Israel Exploration Society</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-965-221-038-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWolters1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Albert_M._Wolters" title="Albert M. Wolters">Wolters, Albert</a> (1996). The Copper Scroll: Overview, Text and Translation. Sheffield: <a href="Sheffield_Academic_Press" title="Sheffield Academic Press">Sheffield Academic Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-85075-793-1</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBrookeDavies2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brooke, George J.; Davies, Philip R., eds. (2004). "Copper Scroll Studies". Academic Paperbacks. London: T & T Clark. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/746927982">746927982</a>.</cite> (papers delivered at the 1996 Copper Scroll Symposium)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMilik1956" class="citation journal cs1">Milik, J.T. (1956). "The Copper Document from Cave III, Qumran". The Biblical Archaeologist. 19 (3): 60–64. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3209219">10.2307/3209219</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209219">3209219</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165466511">165466511</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPuechLacoudreMébarkiGrenache2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="%C3%89mile_Puech" title="Émile Puech">Puech, Émile</a>; Lacoudre, Noël; Mébarki, Farah; Grenache, Claude (2000). "The Mysteries of the "Copper Scroll"". Near Eastern Archaeology. 63 (3). The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research: 152–153. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210763">10.2307/3210763</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210763">3210763</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164103947">164103947</a>.</cite> (Qumran and the Dead Sea Scrolls: Discoveries, Debates, the Scrolls and the Bible)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~humm/Resources/StudTxts/3Q15.html">English text of Copper Scroll with explanatory footnotes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302111029/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~humm/Resources/StudTxts/3Q15.html">Archived</a> March 2, 2007, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishchristianlit.com/Texts/StudTxts/3Q15.html">English text of Copper Scroll</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060505075806/http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~barilm/copertx2.html">Hebrew text of Copper Scroll with English translation (work in progress)</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Ark_of_the_Covenant_topics63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li>

<li><a href="Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohanim</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li>

<li><a href="Levite" title="Levite">Levites</a></li>

<li><a href="Bezalel" title="Bezalel">Bezalel</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a></li>

<li><a href="Oholiab" title="Oholiab">Oholiab</a></li>

<li><a href="Kehath" title="Kehath">Kehath</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Tribe of Levi</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li>

<li><a href="Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Uzzah" title="Uzzah">Uzzah</a></li>

<li><a href="Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li>

<li><a href="Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherub</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li>

<li><a href="Manna" title="Manna">Manna</a></li>

<li><a href="Aaron's_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mount_Sinai_(bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sinai (bible)">Biblical Mount Sinai</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li>

<li><a href="Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li>

<li><a href="Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li>

<li><a href="Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a></li>

<li><a href="Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a></li>

<li><a href="Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Gilgal</a></li>

<li><a href="Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark" title="Philistine captivity of the Ark">Philistia</a></li>

<li><a href="Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beth Shemesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Kiriath-Jearim" title="Kiriath-Jearim">Kiriath-Jearim</a></li>

<li><a href="Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></li>

<li><a href="Well_of_Souls" title="Well of Souls">Well of Souls</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Cathedral of Chartres</a></li>

<li><a href="Tana_Qirqos" title="Tana Qirqos">Tana Qirqos</a></li>

<li><a href="Church_of_Our_Lady_Mary_of_Zion" title="Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion">Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dead_Sea_Scrolls57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F3C301;"><div id="Dead_Sea_Scrolls57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="4Q41" title="4Q41">4QDeuteronomyn (4Q41)</a></li>

<li><a href="4QInstruction" title="4QInstruction">4QInstruction (4Q415–418, 4Q418a, 4Q423, 1Q26)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Great_Psalms_Scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Psalms Scroll">11Q5 The Great Psalms Scroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">11QpaleoLev</a></li>

<li><a href="11Q13" title="11Q13">11Q13 Melchizedek</a></li>

<li><a href="11Q18_New_Jerusalem" title="11Q18 New Jerusalem">11Q18 New Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Barkhi_Nafshi" title="Barkhi Nafshi">Barkhi Nafshi (4Q434–438)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a></li>

<li><a href="Book_of_Mysteries" title="Book of Mysteries">The Book of Mysteries (1Q27 and 4Q299–301)</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule (1QS, 4QS, 5Q11, 5Q13)</a></li>

<li><a href="Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document (CD)</a></li>

<li><a href="Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen ar)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesher_on_Genesis" title="Pesher on Genesis">Genesis Commentary</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever" title="Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever">Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever</a></li>

<li><a href="Habakkuk_Commentary" title="Habakkuk Commentary">Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab)</a></li>

<li><a href="Isaiah_Scroll" title="Isaiah Scroll">Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa</a><a href="1QIsab" title="1QIsab">,1QIsab)</a></li>

<li><a href="Nahum_Commentary" title="Nahum Commentary">Nahum Commentary (4QpNah/4Q169)</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Jerusalem_Dead_Sea_Scroll" title="New Jerusalem Dead Sea Scroll">New Jerusalem Scroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll (11QpaleoLev)</a></li>

<li><a href="Papyrus_Cotton" title="Papyrus Cotton">Papyrus Cotton</a></li>

<li><a href="Qumran_Physiognomies" title="Qumran Physiognomies">Physiognomies</a>/<a href="Qumran_%22Horoscopes%22_(4Q186)" title="Qumran "Horoscopes" (4Q186)">Horoscopes (4Q186)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudo-Ezekiel" title="Pseudo-Ezekiel">Pseudo-Ezekiel</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Rule_of_the_Blessing" title="The Rule of the Blessing">Rule of the Blessing (1QSb)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Rule_of_the_Congregation" title="The Rule of the Congregation">Rule of the Congregation (1QSa)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Samuel_Scroll" title="The Samuel Scroll">Samuel Scroll</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Seekers_After_Smooth_Things" title="The Seekers After Smooth Things">The Seekers After Smooth Things</a></li>

<li><a href="Songs_of_the_Sabbath_Sacrifice" title="Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice">Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400–407)</a></li>

<li><a href="4Q510%E2%80%93511" title="4Q510–511">Songs of the Sage (4Q510–511)</a></li>

<li><a href="Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll (11Q19)</a></li>

<li><a href="Thanksgiving_Hymns" title="Thanksgiving Hymns">Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_War_of_the_Messiah" title="The War of the Messiah">The War of the Messiah/The Pierced Messiah Text (4Q285/11Q14)</a></li>

<li><a href="War_of_the_Sons_of_Light_Against_the_Sons_of_Darkness" title="War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness">War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness (1QM)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a></li>

<li><a href="Qumran_Caves" title="Qumran Caves">Qumran Caves</a>

<li><a href="Qumran_cemetery" title="Qumran cemetery">Qumran cemetery</a></li>

<li><a href="Ein_Feshkha" title="Ein Feshkha">Ein Feshkha</a></li>

<li><a href="Kohlit" title="Kohlit">Kohlit</a></li>

<li><a href="Secacah" title="Secacah">Secacah</a></li>

<li><a href="Wadi_Murabba'at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Wadi Murabba'at</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a></li>

<li><a href="Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_dating_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Carbon dating the Dead Sea Scrolls">Carbon dating</a></li>

<li><a href="Yahad_Ostracon" title="Yahad Ostracon">Yahad Ostracon</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual_messiahs" title="Dual messiahs">Dual messiahs</a></li>

<li><a href="Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Wicked_Priest" title="Wicked Priest">Wicked Priest</a></li>

<li><a href="Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Calendrical texts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Martin_Abegg" title="Martin Abegg">Martin G. Abegg</a></li>

<li><a href="John_M._Allegro" title="John M. Allegro">John Marco Allegro</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_M._Baumgarten" title="Joseph M. Baumgarten">Joseph M. Baumgarten</a></li>

<li><a href="John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">John J. Collins</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidnie_White_Crawford" title="Sidnie White Crawford">Sidnie White Crawford</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Frank Moore Cross</a></li>

<li><a href="Andr%C3%A9_Dupont-Sommer" title="André Dupont-Sommer">André Dupont-Sommer</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Robert Eisenman</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanan_Eshel" title="Hanan Eshel">Hanan Eshel</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Flint" title="Peter Flint">Peter W. Flint</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">David Noel Freedman</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Baptiste_Humbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Humbert">Jean-Baptiste Humbert</a></li>

<li><a href="Florentino_Garc%C3%ADa_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Florentino García Martínez">Florentino García Martínez</a></li>

<li><a href="Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Norman Golb</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerald_Lankester_Harding" title="Gerald Lankester Harding">Gerald Lankester Harding</a></li>

<li><a href="Yizhar_Hirschfeld" title="Yizhar Hirschfeld">Yizhar Hirschfeld</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest-Marie_Laperrousaz" title="Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz">Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz</a></li>

<li><a href="Jodi_Magness" title="Jodi Magness">Jodi Magness</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Józef Milik</a></li>

<li><a href="Elisha_Qimron" title="Elisha Qimron">Elisha Qimron</a></li>

<li><a href="James_A._Sanders" title="James A. Sanders">James A. Sanders</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Lawrence Schiffman</a></li>

<li><a href="Hershel_Shanks" title="Hershel Shanks">Hershel Shanks</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_W._Skehan" title="Patrick W. Skehan">Patrick W. Skehan</a></li>

<li><a href="Solomon_H._Steckoll" title="Solomon H. Steckoll">Solomon H. Steckoll</a></li>

<li><a href="Hartmut_Stegemann" title="Hartmut Stegemann">Hartmut Stegemann</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Strugnell" title="John Strugnell">John Strugnell</a></li>

<li><a href="Eleazar_Sukenik" title="Eleazar Sukenik">Eleazar Sukenik</a></li>

<li><a href="Carsten_Peter_Thiede" title="Carsten Peter Thiede">Carsten Peter Thiede</a></li>

<li><a href="Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Emanuel Tov</a></li>

<li><a href="John_C._Trever" title="John C. Trever">John C. Trever</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugene_Ulrich" title="Eugene Ulrich">Eugene Ulrich</a></li>

<li><a href="Roland_de_Vaux" title="Roland de Vaux">Roland de Vaux</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Géza Vermes</a></li>

<li><a href="Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_O'Callaghan_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José O'Callaghan Martínez">José O'Callaghan Martínez</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Aramaic_Enoch_Scroll" title="Aramaic Enoch Scroll">Aramaic Enoch Scroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a></li>

<li><a href="Orion_Center" title="Orion Center">Orion Center</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89cole_Biblique" title="École Biblique">École Biblique</a></li>

<li><a href="Discoveries_in_the_Judaean_Desert" title="Discoveries in the Judaean Desert">Discoveries in the Judaean Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Mar_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Samuel">Mar Samuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Muhammed_edh-Dhib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed edh-Dhib">Muhammed edh-Dhib</a></li>

<li><a href="Najib_Albina" title="Najib Albina">Najib Albina</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_Qumran%3A_A_Virtual_Reality_Tour" title="Ancient Qumran: A Virtual Reality Tour">Ancient Qumran: A Virtual Reality Tour</a> (2007 film)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2502155#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata597" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2502155#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata597" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/181539317">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95045808">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007265097705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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